♦ OSPF의 3가지 데이터 베이스
1. neighbor 데이터 베이스
- 각 라우터 마다 고유하게 유지
2. 링크 스테이크 데이터베이스(토폴로지 데이터베이스)
- 네트워크 토폴로지 보여줌
3. 라우팅 테이블
- 패킷을 어디로 보낼지에 대한 정보 포함
♦ OSPF 특징
- link state 프로토콜
- hop count 의 제한이 없어 대규모 네트워크에 적합
- VLSM, supernetting mask 등 지원
- 네트워크를 여러개의 area로 나눔 (area0 이 중심)
♦ OSPF 패킷종류
- HELLO
- DBD
- LSR
- LSU
- LSAck
♦ HELLO 패킷
- neighbor 를 맺기 위해 사용하는 OSPF패킷
- 조건 : 두 라우터가 링크를 공유하고, 매개변수값이 같아야 한다.
- 목적: neighbor 발견. 양방향 통신 확인. DR, BDR 선출
♦ DR, BDR 선출 규칙
- 우선 순위값이 높은 라우터가 DR. 그다음이 BDR
- 우선 순위가 0이면 제외. 1이 기본 우선 순위
- 한번 선출되면 네트워크가 추가되어도 DR, BDR이 변하지 않는다.(예외:에러시 바꿈)
♦ 네트워크 타입에 따른 정보교환
- broadcast multi access : 이더넷 인터페이스
- point to point : DR, BDR 선출하지 않음. 모든 라우터 독립적으로 정보교환
- non-broadcast multi access : 다른 모든 OSPF라우터와 직접통신 불가능. 수작업으로 설정해야됨
♦ OSPF 기본 설정
1. OSPF 프로토콜 구동
2. Internal Router 설정
3. Area Border Router 설정
4. Autonomous System Border Router 설정
5. ABR/ASBR 설정
6. Loopback Interface 설정
♦ OSPF Single Area 문제점
- SPF계산의 빈번한 발생 : CPU 자원을 많이 사용
- 라우팅 테이블 크기의 팽창 : 네트워크 크기와 비례하여 라우팅 테이블 크가기 커짐
- 대규모 LSDB : 전체 네트워크 토폴로지 정보를 관리
♦ Stub Area
- ABR이 다른 AS에 있는 외부 네트워크에 대한 경로 정보를 internal router에게 전달하지 않는다.
- internal router의 메모리 절약할 수 있음
♦ totally stub Area
- 다른 area정보도 받지 않음
- 외부 네트워크 정보도 받지 않음
♦ Not So Stub Area
- NSSA에 연결되어있는 ASBR을 통하지 않는 외부 네트워크 정보는 받지 않음
- 다른 area 정보는 받음
♦ Route Summarization
- ABR과 ASBR에서만 이용가능
- ip주소가 겹치지 않고 연속적으로 할당하는것이 효과적임
- 전송 데이터량의 감소. 메모리 적약
- ABR에서 설정 : area 1 range 10.x.x.x 255.255.252.0
- ASBR에서 설정 : summary-address 100.x.x.x 255.2555.252.0
♦ OSPF 메트릭 계산
- 메트릭 = 10^8/대역폭(bps)
- 송신지에서 수신지까지 모든 라우터 경로 메트릭 구해서 더하면 됨
♦ Three OSPF databases
1. neighbor database
- Keeps each router unique
2. Link stake database (topology database)
- Show network topology
3. Routing table
- Contains information about where to send the packet
♦ OSPF Features
- link state protocol
- Suitable for large networks without limit of hop count
Support for VLSM, supernetting mask, etc.
- Divide the network into multiple areas (centered on area 0)
♦ OSPF packet type
- HELLO
- DBD
- LSR
- LSU
- LSAck
♦ HELLO packet
- OSPF packets used to establish neighbor
- Condition: Two routers share the link, and the parameter values must be the same.
- Purpose: Find neighbor. Bidirectional communication confirmation. DR, BDR elected
♦ DR, BDR election rules
- Router with high priority value is DR. The BDR
- If priority is 0, exclude. 1 is the default priority
- Once selected, the DR and BDR will not change even if the network is added.
♦ Exchange information by network type
- broadcast multi access: Ethernet interface
- point to point: DR, BDR not elected. All routers exchange information independently
- non-broadcast multi access: can not communicate directly with all other OSPF routers. Must be set manually
♦ OSPF Preferences
1. OSPF Protocol Driven
2. Internal Router Configuration
3. Area Border Router Configuration
4. Autonomous System Border Router Configuration
5. ABR / ASBR settings
6. Loopback Interface Settings
♦ OSPF Single Area Problem
- Frequent occurrence of SPF calculation: CPU resources are used a lot
- Expansion of routing table size: Increases routing table size in proportion to network size
- Large LSDB: manage the entire network topology information
♦ Stub Area
- The ABR does not forward routing information to external routers on other ASs to the internal router.
- internal router can save memory
♦ totally stub Area
- No other area information is received.
- No external network information
♦ Not So Stub Area
- No external network information not connected to NSSA through ASBR
- Other area information is received
♦ Route Summarization
- Available only on ABR and ASBR
- It is effective to allocate consecutive ip addresses without overlapping.
- Reduced amount of transmitted data. Memory inefficiency
- Set in ABR: area 1 range 10.x.x.x 255.255.252.0
- Set in ASBR: summary-address 100.x.x.x 255.2555.252.0
♦ OSPF Metric Calculation
- Metric = 10 ^ 8 / Bandwidth (bps)
- All router route metrics from source to destination are obtained and added.
♦ Tri OSPF databázy
1. databáza susedov
- Udržuje každý router jedinečný
2. Linková databáza stávok (databáza topológií)
- Zobraziť sieťovú topológiu
3. Tabuľka smerovania
- Obsahuje informácie o tom, kam poslať paket
♦ Funkcie OSPF
protokol stavu odkazu
- Vhodné pre veľké siete bez obmedzenia počtu chmeľu
Podpora pre VLSM, supernetting masku atď.
- Rozdelte sieť na viacero oblastí (so stredom na ploche 0)
♦ Typ paketu OSPF
- HELLO
- DBD
- LSR
- LSU
- LSAck
♦ HELLO paket
- Pakety OSPF používané na vytvorenie susedov
- Stav: Dva smerovače zdieľajú odkaz a hodnoty parametrov musia byť rovnaké.
- Cieľ: Nájsť suseda. Potvrdenie obojsmernej komunikácie. DR, BDR zvolený
♦ DR, volebné pravidlá BDR
- Router s vysokou prioritou je DR. BDR
- Ak je priorita 0, vylúčte. 1 je predvolená priorita
- Po výbere sa DR a BDR nezmení ani po pridaní siete.
♦ Výmena informácií podľa typu siete
- vysielanie viacerých prístupov: rozhranie Ethernet
- bod na bod: DR, BDR nie je zvolený. Všetky smerovače si navzájom vymieňajú informácie
- non-broadcast multi prístup: nemôže komunikovať priamo so všetkými ostatnými smerovačmi OSPF. Musí sa nastaviť manuálne
♦ Predvoľby OSPF
1. Ovládaný protokolom OSPF
2. Vnútorná konfigurácia smerovača
3. Konfigurácia hraničného smerovača oblasti
4. Konfigurácia hraničného smerovača systému
5. Nastavenia ABR / ASBR
6. Nastavenia rozhrania Loopback
♦ Problém s jednou oblasťou OSPF
- Častý výskyt výpočtu SPF: Zdroje CPU sa používajú veľa
- Rozšírenie rozmerovej tabuľky: Zvyšuje veľkosť smerovacej tabuľky v pomere k veľkosti siete
- Veľký LSDB: spravujte všetky informácie o topológii siete
♦ Stub oblasť
- ABR neposiela smerovacie informácie externým smerovačom na iných AS do interného smerovača.
- interný smerovač môže ušetriť pamäť
♦ úplne rozdelený priestor
- Neboli prijaté žiadne ďalšie informácie o oblasti.
- Žiadne informácie o externých sieťach
♦ oblasť nie je taká
- žiadne informácie o externých sieťach, ktoré nie sú pripojené k NSSA prostredníctvom ASBR
- Obdržali sa ďalšie informácie o oblasti
♦ Sumarizácia trasy
- Dostupné iba na ABR a ASBR
- Je efektívne prideľovať po sebe idúce adresy IP bez prekrývania.
- Znížené množstvo prenášaných údajov. Nedostatočná pamäť
- Nastavenie v oblasti ABR: oblasť 1 rozsah 10.x.x.x 255.255.252.0
- Nastavenie v ASBR: súhrnná adresa 100.x.x.x 255.2555.252.0
♦ Metrický výpočet OSPF
- Metrika = 10 ^ 8 / šírka pásma (bps)
- Získate a pridáte všetky metriky trasy smerovača od zdroja po cieľ.
1. neighbor 데이터 베이스
- 각 라우터 마다 고유하게 유지
2. 링크 스테이크 데이터베이스(토폴로지 데이터베이스)
- 네트워크 토폴로지 보여줌
3. 라우팅 테이블
- 패킷을 어디로 보낼지에 대한 정보 포함
♦ OSPF 특징
- link state 프로토콜
- hop count 의 제한이 없어 대규모 네트워크에 적합
- VLSM, supernetting mask 등 지원
- 네트워크를 여러개의 area로 나눔 (area0 이 중심)
♦ OSPF 패킷종류
- HELLO
- DBD
- LSR
- LSU
- LSAck
♦ HELLO 패킷
- neighbor 를 맺기 위해 사용하는 OSPF패킷
- 조건 : 두 라우터가 링크를 공유하고, 매개변수값이 같아야 한다.
- 목적: neighbor 발견. 양방향 통신 확인. DR, BDR 선출
♦ DR, BDR 선출 규칙
- 우선 순위값이 높은 라우터가 DR. 그다음이 BDR
- 우선 순위가 0이면 제외. 1이 기본 우선 순위
- 한번 선출되면 네트워크가 추가되어도 DR, BDR이 변하지 않는다.(예외:에러시 바꿈)
♦ 네트워크 타입에 따른 정보교환
- broadcast multi access : 이더넷 인터페이스
- point to point : DR, BDR 선출하지 않음. 모든 라우터 독립적으로 정보교환
- non-broadcast multi access : 다른 모든 OSPF라우터와 직접통신 불가능. 수작업으로 설정해야됨
♦ OSPF 기본 설정
1. OSPF 프로토콜 구동
2. Internal Router 설정
3. Area Border Router 설정
4. Autonomous System Border Router 설정
5. ABR/ASBR 설정
6. Loopback Interface 설정
♦ OSPF Single Area 문제점
- SPF계산의 빈번한 발생 : CPU 자원을 많이 사용
- 라우팅 테이블 크기의 팽창 : 네트워크 크기와 비례하여 라우팅 테이블 크가기 커짐
- 대규모 LSDB : 전체 네트워크 토폴로지 정보를 관리
♦ Stub Area
- ABR이 다른 AS에 있는 외부 네트워크에 대한 경로 정보를 internal router에게 전달하지 않는다.
- internal router의 메모리 절약할 수 있음
♦ totally stub Area
- 다른 area정보도 받지 않음
- 외부 네트워크 정보도 받지 않음
♦ Not So Stub Area
- NSSA에 연결되어있는 ASBR을 통하지 않는 외부 네트워크 정보는 받지 않음
- 다른 area 정보는 받음
♦ Route Summarization
- ABR과 ASBR에서만 이용가능
- ip주소가 겹치지 않고 연속적으로 할당하는것이 효과적임
- 전송 데이터량의 감소. 메모리 적약
- ABR에서 설정 : area 1 range 10.x.x.x 255.255.252.0
- ASBR에서 설정 : summary-address 100.x.x.x 255.2555.252.0
♦ OSPF 메트릭 계산
- 메트릭 = 10^8/대역폭(bps)
- 송신지에서 수신지까지 모든 라우터 경로 메트릭 구해서 더하면 됨
♦ Three OSPF databases
1. neighbor database
- Keeps each router unique
2. Link stake database (topology database)
- Show network topology
3. Routing table
- Contains information about where to send the packet
♦ OSPF Features
- link state protocol
- Suitable for large networks without limit of hop count
Support for VLSM, supernetting mask, etc.
- Divide the network into multiple areas (centered on area 0)
♦ OSPF packet type
- HELLO
- DBD
- LSR
- LSU
- LSAck
♦ HELLO packet
- OSPF packets used to establish neighbor
- Condition: Two routers share the link, and the parameter values must be the same.
- Purpose: Find neighbor. Bidirectional communication confirmation. DR, BDR elected
♦ DR, BDR election rules
- Router with high priority value is DR. The BDR
- If priority is 0, exclude. 1 is the default priority
- Once selected, the DR and BDR will not change even if the network is added.
♦ Exchange information by network type
- broadcast multi access: Ethernet interface
- point to point: DR, BDR not elected. All routers exchange information independently
- non-broadcast multi access: can not communicate directly with all other OSPF routers. Must be set manually
♦ OSPF Preferences
1. OSPF Protocol Driven
2. Internal Router Configuration
3. Area Border Router Configuration
4. Autonomous System Border Router Configuration
5. ABR / ASBR settings
6. Loopback Interface Settings
♦ OSPF Single Area Problem
- Frequent occurrence of SPF calculation: CPU resources are used a lot
- Expansion of routing table size: Increases routing table size in proportion to network size
- Large LSDB: manage the entire network topology information
♦ Stub Area
- The ABR does not forward routing information to external routers on other ASs to the internal router.
- internal router can save memory
♦ totally stub Area
- No other area information is received.
- No external network information
♦ Not So Stub Area
- No external network information not connected to NSSA through ASBR
- Other area information is received
♦ Route Summarization
- Available only on ABR and ASBR
- It is effective to allocate consecutive ip addresses without overlapping.
- Reduced amount of transmitted data. Memory inefficiency
- Set in ABR: area 1 range 10.x.x.x 255.255.252.0
- Set in ASBR: summary-address 100.x.x.x 255.2555.252.0
♦ OSPF Metric Calculation
- Metric = 10 ^ 8 / Bandwidth (bps)
- All router route metrics from source to destination are obtained and added.
♦ Tri OSPF databázy
1. databáza susedov
- Udržuje každý router jedinečný
2. Linková databáza stávok (databáza topológií)
- Zobraziť sieťovú topológiu
3. Tabuľka smerovania
- Obsahuje informácie o tom, kam poslať paket
♦ Funkcie OSPF
protokol stavu odkazu
- Vhodné pre veľké siete bez obmedzenia počtu chmeľu
Podpora pre VLSM, supernetting masku atď.
- Rozdelte sieť na viacero oblastí (so stredom na ploche 0)
♦ Typ paketu OSPF
- HELLO
- DBD
- LSR
- LSU
- LSAck
♦ HELLO paket
- Pakety OSPF používané na vytvorenie susedov
- Stav: Dva smerovače zdieľajú odkaz a hodnoty parametrov musia byť rovnaké.
- Cieľ: Nájsť suseda. Potvrdenie obojsmernej komunikácie. DR, BDR zvolený
♦ DR, volebné pravidlá BDR
- Router s vysokou prioritou je DR. BDR
- Ak je priorita 0, vylúčte. 1 je predvolená priorita
- Po výbere sa DR a BDR nezmení ani po pridaní siete.
♦ Výmena informácií podľa typu siete
- vysielanie viacerých prístupov: rozhranie Ethernet
- bod na bod: DR, BDR nie je zvolený. Všetky smerovače si navzájom vymieňajú informácie
- non-broadcast multi prístup: nemôže komunikovať priamo so všetkými ostatnými smerovačmi OSPF. Musí sa nastaviť manuálne
♦ Predvoľby OSPF
1. Ovládaný protokolom OSPF
2. Vnútorná konfigurácia smerovača
3. Konfigurácia hraničného smerovača oblasti
4. Konfigurácia hraničného smerovača systému
5. Nastavenia ABR / ASBR
6. Nastavenia rozhrania Loopback
♦ Problém s jednou oblasťou OSPF
- Častý výskyt výpočtu SPF: Zdroje CPU sa používajú veľa
- Rozšírenie rozmerovej tabuľky: Zvyšuje veľkosť smerovacej tabuľky v pomere k veľkosti siete
- Veľký LSDB: spravujte všetky informácie o topológii siete
♦ Stub oblasť
- ABR neposiela smerovacie informácie externým smerovačom na iných AS do interného smerovača.
- interný smerovač môže ušetriť pamäť
♦ úplne rozdelený priestor
- Neboli prijaté žiadne ďalšie informácie o oblasti.
- Žiadne informácie o externých sieťach
♦ oblasť nie je taká
- žiadne informácie o externých sieťach, ktoré nie sú pripojené k NSSA prostredníctvom ASBR
- Obdržali sa ďalšie informácie o oblasti
♦ Sumarizácia trasy
- Dostupné iba na ABR a ASBR
- Je efektívne prideľovať po sebe idúce adresy IP bez prekrývania.
- Znížené množstvo prenášaných údajov. Nedostatočná pamäť
- Nastavenie v oblasti ABR: oblasť 1 rozsah 10.x.x.x 255.255.252.0
- Nastavenie v ASBR: súhrnná adresa 100.x.x.x 255.2555.252.0
♦ Metrický výpočet OSPF
- Metrika = 10 ^ 8 / šírka pásma (bps)
- Získate a pridáte všetky metriky trasy smerovača od zdroja po cieľ.
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